"It is possible that in English, a mother may opt to refer to herself in the third person: using "Your mother" instead of "I" to create emphasis."
I know very little about the English language, but if this statement were accurate, then I must say that it would be the complete opposite in the Japanese-speaking world.
I could not say that I have ever seen or heard of a mother who, in natural settings, addresses herself as 「わたし」, 「あたし」, etc. when speaking to her own young child. Here, I am talking about "normal" situations where the mother is neither frustrated nor dissatisfied. (It should also be noted that once the kids reach a certain adult-like age, the mothers often switch to using the "real dictionary pronouns" such as 「わたし」.)
"What strategies are available in Japanese to achieve the same effect? Can changing the term of self-address cause the desired effect? "
I may have answered this question indirectly when I stated that it was the opposite in Japanese a minute ago, but here is what happens.
When unusually frustrated or angry, the mother may opt to use 「わたし」、「あたし」, etc. to refer to herself with her young child. For those still unfamiliar, those are NOT the words that mothers use to refer to themselves with their young kids. Instead, they use 「おかあさん」、「ママ」、「かあちゃん」, etc. as if those were first-person pronouns.
If the mother used 「わたし」、「あたし」, etc., the kid would immediately sense that his/her mom was angry, upset, etc. because it is so obvious if the mom is using a different word as a pronoun. There is that "tense" feeling involved in the word choice. The mother also knows that the switch would work in her favor in making the kid listen up.
"We cannot change from お母さん to お母さん so there is no effect there. So what are the other options (if possible/applicable)?"
As I stated, the effective change is from the pseudo-pronoun to the dictionary pronoun.
"Does changing from ママ to お母さん express displeasure/irritation?"
I doubt that very much as a Japanese-speaker. I just cannot imagine a native-speaking mother doing the switch. The idea sounds highly unnatural to me.
(It is true that many of the kids who grew up addressing their moms as 「ママ」 often start addressing them as 「お母さん」 in public, if not at home, around the time they enter junior high or high schools because they feel like they could look childish addressing their moms as 「ママ」 in front of their peers. But it is not something the mother does herself.)
"Does changing from わたし to お母さん express displeasure/irritation?"
As I have explained (I hope), that change is impossible, and only the opposite is possible. You DO NOT start with 「わたし」 with your baby in the first place.
"Is it possible for the person convey a stand-offish or confrontational nuance by using a different self-address term from the one typically used by that person?"
In a mother-to-child relationship, I hope I have explained the basics above. It is the same with a father-to-child relationship. The key is the pseudo-to-real pronoun switch.
In other relationships, switches do occur as well. ぼく to おれ, ぼく to わたし, etc.
I need to mention the 先生 to おれ switch, too, before I forget because that would be unique to Japanese as well. In elementary and junior high schools, teachers commonly refer to themselves as 「[先生]{せんせい}」 instead of using a pronoun. When they get very angry, they often switch to おれ (and わたし in the case of female teachers).
