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When learning Japanese everyone's taught いる is for a living thing and ある is for non-living things. However, I recently saw the following sentence ...

あと、サッカー選手でもあります。

... which ends in ある / あります for a living subject, assuming were not talking about a dead soccer player!

Now the following make uses of ある sense to me:

〜である
〜がある
〜にある

But in my mind these adhere to the living/dead rule learned in those first Nihongo classes all those years ago.

So where does もあります fit in? How should I think of this in English (equivalent phrase)?

Alenanno
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crunchyt
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    I keep expecting this question to be about phrases like 子供がある -- in fact, if I was going to ask a question about 子供がある, this is probably the title I would use -- but that issue is only touched on briefly in the comments of an answer. Perhaps this question should be renamed? Something like "Why is でもあります used instead of でもいます for a living subject?" – Hyperworm Jan 10 '12 at 12:34

3 Answers3

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で（は）あります is the expanded form of です. So when you say 「XはYです」, it is really 「XはYで（は）あります」. From this, you can easily see the negative form (ではありません). And also でもあります as in your example. でもあります means "is also".

あの人はサラリーマンです。あと、サッカー選手でもあります。　→　That guy is a business worker (salary man). He is also a soccer player.

That's the reasoning as to why it's あります in this situation. As to why です is a contraction of で（は）あります and not で（は）います, I'm not sure.

istrasci
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    Because a cause (as indicated by 「で」, the causality particle) is not alive. – Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams Jul 13 '11 at 23:36
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    @Ingacio: i don't think で in this case is the particle meaning "by way of ~ / by ~ means". – crunchyt Jul 14 '11 at 02:06
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    @crunchyt - I don't know, it kind of makes sense to me to say "exists as/by-means-of a soccer player/whatever". But then still why isn't it でいます? – istrasci Jul 14 '11 at 02:23
  • For the same reason as a verb with 「～ている」 vs. 「～てある」; we don't say that the person is *being* a soccer player, we just say that the person is *as* a soccer player. – Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams Jul 14 '11 at 02:36
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    Regarding で: This で is a variant of にて, which was used as part of a copula in Old Japanese (*nite ar-*). (にて is still used for the locational sense of で in formal speech in Modern Japanese.) During the transition from Old Japanese to Early Middle Japanese (800-1200 AD), *nite ar-* gave way to *de ar-*, which is the source of the modern copula だ. (Source: Frellesvig, A History of the Japanese Language, p. 234-5) でいる is indeed used, but only rarely, and usually only in formal settings: 先生は現在78歳でいらっしゃいます。 – Derek Schaab Jul 14 '11 at 12:57
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As istrasci and rintaun correctly point out, サッカー選手でもあります has a similar meaning to サッカー選手です. But it is also true that ある is not the same word as です. One important thing that hasn't been pointed out is that the ある used here is not a predicate. It is comparable to the English be.

  • A is a soccer player
  • A is smart

In the sentences above, you can tell that the predicate is the noun/adjective phrase following be but is not be itself (in other words, be is not contributing to the meaning) from the fact that they can be used retaining their meaning, without be:

  • I consider A a soccer player
  • I consider A smart

On the other hand, be in the following examples is used to express existence, and is a predicate.

  • I think, therefore I am
  • There is a soccer player

The animacy restriction on Japanese ある and いる only concerns the predicate usage (the usage meaning existence or possession). While the following ある and いる are in the predicate usage,

  • A の書いた本がある
  • サッカー選手がいる

the following ある is not.

  • A はサッカー選手である
  • 昨日のうちに買い物をしてある

Therefore, your example is a case where the animacy distinction is irrelevant.

Furthermore, as is well known, even the predicate ある can be used with animate subjects.

  • 昔、ある所におじいさんとおばあさんがあった
  • A には子供がある

The distinction between ある and いる is actually much more complicated than mere animacy opposition.

Eddie Kal
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    I have read (I think it was Kuno's Structures book), that there are really two あるs, one for existence, and one for possession. The possessive form CAN be used for people, as in `僕は子供がある`, which has a slightly different meaning from `僕は子供がいる`. – jkerian Jul 14 '11 at 07:51
  • @jkerian: are the examples yours, or drawn from the book? – Axioplase Jul 14 '11 at 09:52
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    @jkerian Yes. Kuno claims that. It is generally accepcted that the possessive usage is looser with the animacy restriction. I just mentioned existence and possession together to show what the term predicate means. –  Jul 14 '11 at 14:04
  • @Axioplase: Pretty sure that was his example from the book. I remember wondering if the word choice was connected to the use of immediate family members. (Which I do not believe to be the case, but remember being curious about at the time) – jkerian Jul 14 '11 at 15:29
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    @Axioplase, @jkerian I think what is called *inalienable possession* is somewhat relevant. –  Jul 14 '11 at 16:38
  • I'll have to ask literature people. None of the scientist around me seems familiar with that wording and nuance. – Axioplase Jul 15 '11 at 03:36
  • What is inalienable possession? As in it is fundamentally and comp rely in somone's possession? How would that apply to 子供がある? – crunchyt Jul 15 '11 at 11:11
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    @crunchyt Inalienable possession means the possession relation is inherent and permanent. Parent-child relation is one such case. You cannot say `私には近所の人がある` because having a neigbhour is not inherent possession. –  Jul 15 '11 at 14:26
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でもあります is actually derived from である (basically a written-Japanese way of saying です) and basically means "... is ... as well". For example:

  • AはBでもあります。 → A is B as well (in addition to something previously mentioned or understood).

Or the following:

  • 彼は大学生であり、サッカー選手でもある。 → He is a university student, and he is also a soccer player.
rintaun
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  • Since we cannot say「サッカー選手もです」= NG, I guess「サッカー選手でもあります」 makes sense. – crunchyt Jul 14 '11 at 02:08