Muhammad
Muhammad bin Abdullah[n 1] (Bahasa Arab: مُحَمَّد بنِ عَبْد ٱللَّٰه, translit. Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh Sebutan bahasa Arab klasik: [muˈħammad]; c. 570 M – 8 Jun 632 M)[1] ialah pemimpin agama, sosial, dan politik Arab serta pengasas agama Islam.[2] Muhammad dianggap oleh umat Islam sebagai pemulih keimanan monoteistik ajaran nabi-nabi terdahulu yang dibawa oleh Nabi Adam, Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa dan nabi-nabi yang lain.[2][3][4][5] Baginda diyakini sebagai Nabi terakhir Tuhan[6] bagi semua cabang utama Islam, walaupun beberapa denominasi moden menyimpang dari kepercayaan ini.[n 2] Baginda juga menyatukan Semenanjung Arab kepada satu tatanegara, dengan al-Quran serta ajaran dan amalannya yang menjadi asas kepercayaan agama Islam.[7]
Muhammad | |
|---|---|
مُحَمَّد | |
![]() | |
| Kelahiran | s. 570 |
| Meninggal dunia | 8 Jun 632 (umur 61–62) Madinah, Hijjaz, Semenanjung Arab |
| Dikebumikan | Kubah Hijau di Masjid Nabawi, Madinah, Semenanjung Arab 24°28′03″N 39°36′41″E |
| Nama lain |
|
| Tahun aktif | 583–609 M sebagai saudagar 610–632 M sebagai pemimpin agama |
Karya terkenal | Piagam Madinah |
| Pengganti | Lihat Pewaris kepada Nabi Muhammad |
| Pembangkang | Quraisy |
| Pasangan | Lihat Isteri Muhammad |
| Anak | Lihat Anak-anak Muhammad |
| Ibu bapa | Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib (bapa) Aminah binti Wahb (ibu) |
| Saudara | Salasilah keturunan Nabi Muhammad, Ahlul Bait ("Salasilah Keluarga") |
| Templat:Infobox Arabic name | |
| Tandatangan | |
Mohor Muhammad | |
Muhammad dilahirkan sekitar tahun 570 M (Tahun Gajah) di Makkah, Semenanjung Arab[8][9]. Baginda ialah anak lelaki Abdullah bin Abd al-Muttalib dan Aminah binti Wahb. Ayahnya ialah anak pemimpin suku Quraisy, Abdul al-Muttalib bin Hashim, dan Abdullah meninggal beberapa bulan sebelum kelahiran Muhammad. Ibunya Aminah meninggal ketika berusia enam tahun, meninggalkan Muhammad sebagai anak yatim piatu.[10] Baginda dibesarkan di bawah jagaan datuknya, Abd al-Muttalib, dan bapa saudara ayahnya, Abu Talib.[11]
Beberapa tahun kemudian, baginda secara berkala mengasingkan diri di gua gunung bernama Hira selama beberapa malam untuk bertafakur. Ketika berusia 40 tahun, Muhammad dilaporkan dikunjungi Jibrail di gua[8][9] dan menerima wahyu pertamanya dari Tuhan. Pada tahun 613,[12] Muhammad mula menyampaikan wahyu ini secara terbuka,[13] menyatakan bahawa "Tuhan itu Satu", "penyerahan" (islām) diri sepenuhnya kepada Tuhan,[14] adalah cara hidup yang betul (dīn),[15] dan bahawa baginda ialah seorang nabi dan rasul Tuhan, mirip dengan nabi-nabi lain dalam Islam.[16][17][18]
Pengikut Muhammad pada awalnya jumlahnya sedikit, dan mengalami penganiyaan oleh musyrik Mekah selama 13 tahun. Untuk melepaskan diri dari penganiayaan yang berterusan, baginda menghantar beberapa pengikutnya ke Abyssinia pada tahun 615, sebelum baginda dan pengikutnya berhijrah dari Makkah ke Madinah (kemudian dikenali sebagai Yathrib) kemudian pada tahun 622. Peristiwa Hijrah ini menandakan permulaan kalendar Islam, juga dikenali sebagai Takwim Hijrah. Di Madinah, Muhammad menyatukan suku di bawah Piagam Madinah. Pada bulan Disember 629, setelah lapan tahun bertengkar dengan suku Makkah, Muhammad mengumpulkan tentera 10,000 orang mualaf dan berarak ke kota Makkah. Penaklukan itu sebahagian besarnya tidak dapat ditandingi dan Muhammad merampas kota itu dengan sedikit pertumpahan darah. Pada tahun 632, beberapa bulan setelah pulang dari Haji Wida, baginda jatuh sakit dan meninggal. Pada masa kematiannya, sebahagian besar Semenanjung Arab telah memeluk Islam.[19][20]
Wahyu (setiap daripadanya dikenali sebagai ayat - secara harfiah, "petunjuk [oleh Tuhan]") ialah kata demi kata oleh Tuhan atau "Firman Tuhan" yang diterima oleh Muhammad hingga kematiannya lalu membentuk ayat-ayat Al-Quran yang menjadi asas agama Islam. Selain Al-Quran, ajaran dan amalan Muhammad (sunnah), yang terdapat dalam sastera Hadis dan sirah (biografi), juga ditegakkan dan digunakan sebagai sumber hukum Islam (lihat Syariat dalam Islam).
Catatan
- Baginda disebut dengan banyak sebutan, termasuk Pesuruh Allah, Nabi Muhammad, Rasul Allah, dan lain-lain; terdapat juga banyak versi ejaan Muhammad, seperti Mohamet, Mohammed, Mahamad, Muhamad, dan banyak lagi.
- Komuniti Muslim Ahmadiyah menganggap Muhammad sebagai "Penutup segala Nabi" (Khātam an-Nabiyyīn) dan Nabi terakhir yang taat hukum, tetapi bukan Nabi terakhir. Lihat:
- Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press. m/s. 134. ISBN 978-1-85065-916-7.
- "Finality of Prophethood | Hadhrat Muhammad (PUBH) the Last Prophet". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 July 2011.
- Nation of Islam menganggap Elijah Muhammad sebagai rasul (Sumber: African American Religious Leaders – m/s. 76, Jim Haskins, Kathleen Benson – 2008).
- United Submitters International percaya bahawa Muhammad ialah nabi terakhir, tetapi mereka juga menganggap Rashad Khalifa ialah seorang rasul. (Sumber: Daniel Pipes, Miniatures: Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics, m/s. 98 (2004))
Rujukan
- Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Banyak tradisi terdahulu (terutama non-Islam) menyebutnya masih hidup pada masa penaklukan Palestin. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
- Alford T. Welch; Ahmad S. Moussalli; Gordon D. Newby (2009). "Muḥammad". Dalam John L. Esposito (penyunting). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 11 February 2017.
The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.
- Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
- Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. m/s. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. m/s. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- Quran 33:40
- [ The Leadership of Muhammad] di Buku Google oleh John Adair
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- Conrad, Lawrence I. (1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 225–240. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016.
- Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby (1901). Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars : with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars. G. Bell. m/s. 465.
- Hamidullah, Muhammad (1969-02). "The Nasi', the Hijrah Calendar and the Need of Preparing a New Concordance for the Hijrah and Gregorian Eras: Why the Existing Western Concordances are Not to be Relied Upon" (PDF). The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs: 6–12. Check date values in:
|date=(bantuan)
- Encyclopedia of World History (1998), p. 452
- "Early Years". Al-Islam.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 18 October 2012. Dicapai pada 18 October 2018.
- Howarth, Stephen. Knights Templar. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8264-8034-7 p. 199
- Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, pp. 26–27. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
- "Islam: An Overview – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 25 July 2018.
- Anis Ahmad (2009). "Dīn". Dalam John L. Esposito (penyunting). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 5 Disember 2017.
Aspek penting kedua dari makna istilah muncul dalam wahyu Makkah mengenai amalan Nabi Ibrahim. Di sini ia bermaksud jalan lurus (al-dīn al-ḥanīf) yang mana Nabi Ibrahim dan utusan lain mengajak orang lain untuk beriman [...] Al-Qur'an menegaskan bahawa ini ialah jalan atau amalan yang diikuti oleh Nabi Ibrahim [...] analisis, dnn merangkumi sosial dan kerohanian, serta perilaku undang-undang dan politik penganut sebagai cara hidup yang komprehensif, konotasi yang lebih luas daripada kata "agama."
- F.E. Peters (2003), p. 9.
- Esposito (1998), p. 12; (1999) p. 25; (2002) pp. 4–5
- Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7 (ed. 2nd). Brill. m/s. 360–376. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- "Muhammad", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world
-
See:
- Holt (1977a), p. 57
- Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32
Bibliografi
- A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2011). Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955928-2.
- A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9.
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- Ali, Muhammad Mohar (1997). The Biography of the Prophet and the Orientalists. King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an. ISBN 978-9960-770-68-0.
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- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511233-7.
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- Goldman, Ann; Richard Hain; Stephen Liben (2006). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852653-7.
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- Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2003). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press; Revised edition. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
- ibn Isa, Muhammad (Imam Tirmidhi) (2011). Syama'il Muhammadiyah: KeanggunanMu Ya Rasulullah (Hardcover) (dalam bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Melayu). Malaysia: PTS Islamika Sdn. Bhd. m/s. 388. ISBN 978-967-366-064-3.
- Ishaq, Ibn (2002). Guillaume, Alfred (penyunting). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1.
- Jacobs, Louis (1995). The Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826463-7.
- Kelsay, John (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25302-8.
- Khan, Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 978-81-85738-25-3.
- Kochler, Hans (1982). Concept of Monotheism in Islam & Christianity. I.P.O. ISBN 978-3-7003-0339-8.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (ed. 2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Larsson, Göran (2003). Ibn Garcia's Shu'Ubiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval Al-Andalus. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12740-1.
- Lewis, Bernard (2002) [1993]. The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280310-8.
- Lewis, Bernard (1992). Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (ed. Reprint). Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
- Lewis, Bernard (21 January 1998). "Islamic Revolution". The New York Review of Books.
- Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0. US edn. by Inner Traditions International, Ltd.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Neusner, Jacob (2003). God's Rule: The Politics of World Religions. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-910-5.
- Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam:Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21627-4.
- Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Muhammad Kazim Qazwini (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ASIN B000BWQ7N6.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11461-3. ASIN: B0012385Z6.
- Peters, Francis Edward (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1876-5.
- Peters, F.E. (1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312.
- Peterson, Daniel (2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0.
- Rahman, Fazlur (1979). Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70281-0.
- Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8.
- Reeves, Minou (2003). Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7564-6.
- Robinson, David (2004). Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82627-3.
- Rodinson, Maxime (2002). Muhammad: Prophet of Islam. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-86064-827-4.
- Rue, Loyal (2005). Religion Is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological. Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-8135-3955-3.
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- Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-31486-2.
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- Turner, Colin (2005). Islam: The Basics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34106-6.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0. (New edition 1974)
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577277-7. ASIN: B000IUA52A.
Ensiklopedia
- William H. McNeill; Jerry H. Bentley; David Christian, penyunting (2005). Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1 https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1. Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) - Richard C. Martin; Said Amir Arjomand; Marcia Hermansen; Abdulkader Tayob; Rochelle Davis; John Obert Voll, penyunting (2003). "Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: M-Z, Index. Volume 2". Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
- P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (penyunting). "Encyclopaedia of Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Lindsay Jones, penyunting (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. 2nd). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2 https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2. Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) - Jane Dammen McAuliffe, penyunting (2005). "Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān". Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12356-4.
- Encyclopedia of World History. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-860223-1 https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198602231. Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) - The New Encyclopædia Britannica (ed. Rev). Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9. Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) - Margoliouth, David Samuel (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 17 (ed. ke-11). m/s. 399–410.
Buku
- Berg, Herbert, penyunting (2003). Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12602-2.
- Cook, Michael (1983). Muhammad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-287605-8.
- Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad: A translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-636033-1.
- Hamidullah, Muhammad (1998). The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute. ISBN 978-969-8413-00-2.
- Motzki, Harald, penyunting (2000). The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources – Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11513-2.
- Musa, A.Y. Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008
- Rubin, Uri (1995). The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis). Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-110-6.
- Schimmel, Annemarie (1985). And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4128-0.
Rencana
- Ali, Tariq, "Winged Words" (review of Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad, translated by Anne Carter, NYRB, March 2021, 373 pp., ISBN 978 1 68137 492 5), London Review of Books, vol. 43, no. 12 (17 June 2021), pp. 11–14.
Dalam talian
- Muḥammad, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, by Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby, Ahmad Moussalli
- Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, by Nicolai Sinai and W. Montgomery Watt
