NEW EDIT TO CLARIFY THE QUESTION
My initial question was about why square difference was used instead of absolute value in the formula of the variance... But I found out that it was already asked and answered here. Very interesting answers! Most of them highlighted the fact it was simpler to use squares and then square root than absolute value. This analysis: Revisiting a 90-year-old debate: the advantages of the mean deviation - Stephen Gorard was also going into this direction.
However, I was intrigued by a comment from @Whuber (which seems to be an important point: "They focus on ease of mathematical calculations (...) A truly fundamental reason that has not been invoked in any answer yet is the unique role played by the variance in the Central Limit Theorem".
Clearly my basic knowledge does not allow me to grasp it correctly... Or probably I just missed the point! There is something that I did not get about the variance and the CLT that could explain why we are using squares and not absolute values. So, I am interested in understanding this point (layman explanations would be ideal)... and if I am just confused, I will delete this question! Thanks for your help.