This is one interesting question I take some time to search if there is any distribution function that is continuous but without the PDF.
After some search I found Cantor distribution, sometimes referred as the Devil's staircase according to Wikipedia.
The reason why I am asking this question are some comments I got from one member of this website saying there are many of these.
There are some distributions like lambda distribution with if statement inside the PDF which may be what he was referring.
I am also not sure if he assumed some conditional distributions in which case it may be the PDF is possible unknown.