When approximating a set of points, with a model of a function and error, there is a general tool/criteria to decide how many parameters are optimal?
For example, a set of points in 2 dimension can be approached by regression, with polynomials. The higher the degree of the polynomial, the closest the points are approached, but after certain point, the polynomial turns meaningless, because it is just encoding the data in a different coordinate system (the polynomial constants), and loses predictive value.
Is there any way to evaluate the economy of parameters versus the predictive value? Is there a theory that deals with it? (I guess that it is a common problem).
Please, orient me on what mathematical tool/theory/criteria or algorithms are used for that.
I'm not looking for a precise answer, but a general orientation like "go look at that", "learn about XXX", "minimize/maximize YYY"