Some verbs, like 過ぎる can be added to the stem of other verbs to alter the meaning, (食べる>食べ過ぎる), can 過ぎる be used alone in specific circumstances? Are there verbs which are either grammatically incorrect when used alone, but still are classified as a verb, or verbs which can never be used alone in any context, despite being usable alone without being grammatically incorrect?
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[Do 助動詞 count?](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/116068/m1u/ず/) – blutorange May 24 '15 at 12:42
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I'm not too sure... Can you give me a few common examples? – Teco May 24 '15 at 13:01
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1助動詞 ("helper verb" or "auxiliary verb"). It's got a conjugation table like other verbs and gets used together with other verbs, but isn't used by itself. Some forms may be old, regional, archaic, or part of an expression: 終止: (虎穴に入らずんば)虎子を得**ず**, 連体: くだら**ん** / 行か**ん**, 連用: 何も食べ**ず**、何も飲ま**ず**に生きている人間, 已然: 行か**ね**ばならぬ, 未然: ねたき。いは**ざら**ましものを。 At least the negation ~ん and hypothetical ~ねば is used in contemporay Japanese or Japanese literature/fiction. – blutorange May 24 '15 at 13:41
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A more common example might the the verb ます, as in 食べます, 知りません, or いらっしゃいませ. – blutorange May 24 '15 at 13:47
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2How about 考え"あぐねる"、聞き"そびれる"? – Chocolate May 24 '15 at 17:55
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I never though of ます as a verb, I'm not too sure as ません is used for negative, not まさない... Though, I guess anything counts as long as it has a discreet meaning, like 過ぎる which means "too many/much", rather than simply "+politeness" or "more formal". Can 過ぎる even be used without the stem of another word? – Teco May 25 '15 at 09:19
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過ぎる is "to pass by". – user4092 May 25 '15 at 16:24
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1Even though the label 助動詞 suggests they're a kind of verb, in many cases it's difficult to argue that they are. For example, 〜ない looks more like an adjective. I've started to call them "auxiliaries" and not "auxiliary verbs". – May 26 '15 at 00:29
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''のめり込む'' ,''つんのめる'', ''前のめり'' are used, but のめる is rarely used. – Toshihiko Aug 05 '16 at 09:26
2 Answers
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(Compiling a few comments into one big answer, hope nobody minds.)
To answer your first question, 過ぎる can be used alone. It means "pass," as noted in comments by user4092.
賞味期限を三日過ぎた豚肉
Pork three days past its best-by date
Your second question is trickier. In modern linguistics, words are classified based on how they function. You could argue that a word that can't function as a verb really shouldn't be classified as one. (This is why many languages have a separate class for "auxiliary verbs", words that conjugate and otherwise behave like verbs but cannot serve as the main verb in a sentence. Some linguists see this distinction in Japanese too, and speak of an "auxiliary verb" class as described in comments.)
However, there are some words in Japanese that began as independent verbs but are now almost invariably used in an auxiliary-ish way (as part of a "compound verb phrase", if you like), like sobireru and aguneru as mentioned by chocolate. Many of these would probably fit the description "verbs which can never be used alone in any context, despite being usable alone without being grammatically incorrect," at least in contemporary Japanese. (People might concede the point if you argued that it wasn't wrong to use sobireru as an independent word, but it would probably still sound weird to them.)
Incidentally, looking at the history of Japanese, many morphemes that are now indisputably "auxiliaries," completely unable to stand alone, started this way (-masu, for example, was once mairasuru). Basically, what we are looking at is examples of verbs that picked up an auxiliary-ish use and then also lost their non-auxiliaryish use -- as opposed to verbs like "sugiru" that picked up an auxiliaryish use but still thrive as an independent verb too. (In fact "sugiru" has arguably split into an "auxiliary verb" and a "verb," depending how you want to slice things.)
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i guess... Looking for a true [auxiliary verb] or verb-suffix in Jp.
How about めく ?
i don't think it can be used by itself.
http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%81%E3%81%8F
－め・く --- 接尾語 カ行 四段活用
① 〔名詞・形容詞・形容動詞の語幹に付いて〕…らしくなる。…のように見える。▽四段動詞を作る。「春めく」「古めく」「ほのめく」「今めく」。
② 〔擬声語・擬態語に付いて〕…という音を立てる。…のような状態になる。▽四段動詞を作る。「そよめく」「きらめく」「ひしめく」。
「めく」の使い方、どのような場合に「めく」を使うのが自然ですか。
Also:
－そ・む 【初む】 〔動詞の連用形に付いて〕…し始める。初めて…する。「言ひそむ」「聞きそむ」「咲きそむ」「立ちそむ」
