I want to extend the following to work on a solid angle:
Suppose we have a volume filled with small surfaces. If we cast a ray from a given point, the probability that the ray will not hit a surface (i.e. is visible to the sky) is given as
$P(ray\ does\ not\ hit) = {e}^{-\alpha d/\cos\theta}$
where $\alpha$ is some decay factor, $d/cos\theta$ is the path length of the ray within the volume.
My question:
How can we compute the expected visibility of a ray if we consider the directions $(\theta, \phi)$, where $0<\theta<\pi/2$ and $0<\phi<2\pi$?